Rembrandt
Biography And Paintings Of Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, Baroque Portrait Artist and Master Of Chiaroscuro



Self-Portrait (1656-8)

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606-1669)

Regarded by art critics as one of the greatest Old Masters in the history of art, and the most important in Dutch history, Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606-1669) was a Baroque era master of drawing (especially figure drawing), fine art painting (notably figure painting and portraiture) and printmaking (notably etching) of the seventeenth century. His paintings are characterized by luxuriant brushwork, rich colour and a mastery of chiaroscuro (the treatment of light and shade). His portraits and self-portraits reflect an unusual ability to penetrate the human character and constitute a vivid record of contemporary life in Amsterdam.


Self Portrait with Beret and
Gold Chain (1630-1)

Less superficially dramatic than his contemporary, Rubens, Rembrandt's art works reflect the restrained emotions and devout spirit of Calvinist Holland. Among Rembrandt's painting masterpieces are Jacob Blessing The Sons Of Joseph, The Night Watch and numerous self-portraits. Rembrandt maintained a teaching art studio for many years, instructing nearly every important Dutch painter of the time. His art pupils included Bol, Flinck, Eekhout, Koninck and Aert de Gelder.

Eventually, in the 1640s, his dark colours as well as his perceptive style of painting and portraiture fell out of fashion with prosperous Dutch patrons of the arts, who began to admire the bright colors and graceful manner employed by such painters as the Flemish portraitist Anthony van Dyck.


The Night Watch (1642) (detail)

The Night Watch (De Nachtwacht, or The Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch), now in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, depicts a company of militiamen moving out, led by Captain Cocq (dressed in black, with a red sash) and his lieutenant, Van Ruytenburch. A total of 34 subjects appear in the huge 11 feet by 14 feet painting for which Rembrandt was paid 1,600 guilders - a large sum at the time. Rembrandt's dramatic setting of the scene breathed new life into what was a regular portrait. His history painting Jacob Blessing The Sons of Joseph, now in the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Kassel, depicts the biblical story in Genesis: 48:8-20. Watched by Joseph and his Egyptian Wife, Asenath, the nearly blind Jacob on his death bed breaks with tradition in blessing the youngest grandson first. Rembrandt invests Jacob, the elderly patriarch, with great dignity, Joseph and his wife with humility. The rich velvety red of the drapery and Joseph's turban adds relief to the overall gravitas of the scene.


Jacob Blessing The Sons of
Joseph (1656) (detail)

WORLD ART PRICES
For a list of the highest priced
works of art sold at auction, see:
Top 10 Most Expensive Paintings and
Top 20 Most Expensive Paintings.

Rembrandt's paintings are characterized by broad thick brushstrokes, the use of layers of glazes to give scenes extra depth and gravity and, in particular, jhis masterful treatment of light and shadow (chiaroscuro). He was strongly influenced by the Italian painter Caravaggio (1573-1610), but Rembrandt went further by depicting his figures' mood and inner mental feelings through an accentuation of physical features and facial expression, as illustrated in his wide range of portraits and self-portraits.

Rembrandt's uniqueness and artistic reputation rests upon his profound humanity. The perception of his portraiture remains unequalled and his unsurpassed mastery of chiaroscuro (treatment of light and shade) was acknowledged by all art critics even when they considered that his subject matter was inappropriate. Earlier twentieth century art experts assessed Rembrandt's output at over 600 paintings, nearly 400 etchings and 2,000 drawings. However, recent research conducted by the Rembrandt Research Project has reduced this to nearer 300 paintings, 300 prints (etchings) and somewhat less than 2000 drawings.

...For details of the life and paintings of Michelangelo Buonarroti, perhaps the greatest Florentine Renaissance artist, see Michelangelo.

• For more biographies of great painters and sculptors, see Famous Artists.
• For more about painting and sculpture in Ireland, see: Irish Art Guide.


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