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WHAT IS ART?
For an explanation of the
aesthetic issues surrounding
the creative visual arts, see:
Art Definition, Meaning
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Fauvist
Fauvism was a short-lived but important art movement (c.1905-1910)
in the early part of the 20th century. Fauvist
painters emphasised the function of colour
in painting above representational or realistic values, an idea that
had begun with the Impressionists. Gustave
Moreau was the Fauvists' inspirational teacher. He taught Rouault
and Matisse, but also Albert Marquet and Charles Camoin, two other important
figures in the movement. Moreau encouraged his students to use colour
for expression. The movement was also fed by other avant-garde forms of
modern art which were in circulation at
the time, including works by the French Primitives and African sculpture.
Rouault exhibited with the Fauvists in their now famous 1905 show at the
Salon d'Automne. It was here that the group received their name
from the art critic Louis Vauxcelles. Although part of the show, Rouault
remained aloof, preferring to develop his own personal, purer style. Thus
he avoided the Fauves' garish palette in favour of sombre but glowing
colours.
Expressionist Paintings
In 1907 Rouault began painting a series of works based on clowns and prostitutes.
These paintings were a social criticism, based on a spiritualism encouraged
by his friend the philosopher Jacques Maritain. The paintings were first
exhibited at the Druet Gallery in Paris. Examples of paintings from this
period include Heads Of Two Clowns and A Clown. From about
1912 onwards, Rouault became more Expressionist in manner. As a movement,
Expressionism originated in Germany and Austria and was influenced by
the Die Brucke (Bridge)
and Der Blaue Reiter
(Blue Rider) artist groups, as well as African art, the Fauves and Van
Gogh. In reaction against Impressionism, which focused on rendering the
visual appearance of the subject matter, German
Expressionism strove to capture the emotion of the object. Although
Rouault never officially joined an expressionist group, he was an important
influence for many who did.
Religious Paintings
A devout Catholic, from 1917 onwards, Rouault primarily dedicated himself
to creating religious works, chiefly on the theme of The Passion. In fact,
today he is considered one of the most important religious artists of
the 20th century. Rouault himself said, 'All of my work is religious for
those who know how to look at it.' One of his most famous works is a series
of etchings called Miserere
et Guerre, which was inspired by the misery of World War I. The etchings
were used initially to illustrate two books Miserere (Have mercy)
and Guerre (War), to be written by the poet Andre Suares. The books
never appeared, but with the help of the art dealer Ambroise Vollard,
Rouault completed the commission between 1914 and 1918. He continued to
work on the plates until they were finally published in 1927. Rouault
improved the technical print process with these engravings, using sandpaper,
edged rollers, scrappers and acid to produce depth, variety and richness,
rivalling what could be achieved with paint on canvas. Miserere
depicts many scenes, including clowns, kings and prostitutes, but the
central and reoccurring theme is the figure of Christ. Miserere
was born out of the unprecedented violence of World War I and the artist's
intense compassion for the marginalized and underprivileged. The prints
are a wonderful singular achievement in the medium of printmaking
and religious art. They are just as powerful today, as they were when
printed almost a century ago.
Ambroise Vollard, the Art Dealer
In 1917 Rouault signed a contract with the famous art dealer Ambroise
Vollard, which provided him the financial means and freedom to paint for
many years. The only drawback was that Vollard was very ambitious (greedy),
and insisted on taking everything Rouault produced: in return the artist
received a salary and studio. Vollard was a jealous patron who monopolised
the works of his favourite artists, which meant that for 20 years people
judged Rouault by his earlier work rather than his contemporary projects.
The Miserere et Guerre plates were not shown publicly until 1927.
It was only in 1937 that Rouault began to get a reputation, when 42 of
his paintings which were considered 'new' by the critics, but which had
been long painted, went on display at the Exposition des Artistes Independents.
In 1939 Vollard was killed in a car accident, which meant that Rouault
was finally released from his contract. In 1947 he sued Vollard's heirs
for the return of many of his canvasses. The suit was successful and almost
800 pieces of works were returned to him.
Reward and Recognition
During the 1930s and 1940s Rouault was awarded several retrospective exhibitions
in some of the world's best art museums
- notably in Washington DC and Boston. After the World War II, his vision,
dark colours and religious themes were in keeping with the mood of the
times, so he was granted a retrospective at the Museum of Modern Art,
New York in 1945. He shared an exhibition with the French painter and
sculptor Georges Braque (co-founder with Picasso of Cubism) at the London
Tate Gallery the following year and he exhibited at the Venice Biennale
in 1948. When he turned 80 in 1951, the Centre Catholique des Intellectuels
Francais organised a party at the grand Palais de Chaillot in Paris.
The French State honoured him with the title of Commander of the Legion
of Honour, and when Rouault died in 1958, he received a state funeral.
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