Ivan Nikolayevich Kramskoy (1837-1887)

One of the greatest portrait painters in Russian art of the 19th century, Ivan Nikolayevich Kramskoy (Kramskoi) painted many of the most important celebrities of his generation. Highly prolific, an expert draughtsman and painter, he is associated with the Realist and Humanist movements. One of several great Russian artists of the pre-Revolutionary era, his contemporaries included Nikolai Gay (1831-94), Vasily Petrov (1834-82), Nikolai Yaroshenko (1846-98), and Ilya Repin (1844-1930). Kramskoy was a prominent figure in a minor revolt by some of Russia's most talented art students against the conservatism of the Imperial Academy of Arts in 1863, which led to the formation of the Society for Itinerant Art Exhibitions, whose members (known as peredvizhniki, itinerants, or wanderers) travelled around Russia preaching political reform and holding art exhibitions of works completed en route. Kramskoy's most famous paintings include Portrait of Leo Tolstoy (1873), Christ in the Wilderness (1872) and Portrait of an Unknown Woman (1883), all in the Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow.

HISTORY OF PORTRAIT ART
For more information, see:
Russian Painting, 18th Century.
For works outside Russia, see:
19th Century Portraiture (to 1900)
Impressionist Portraits (1870-90)
20th Century Portraiture

MODERN ARTISTS
For a list of painters like
Ivan Kramskoy, see:
Modern Artists.

WORLDS TOP ARTISTS
For top creative practitioners, see:
Best Artists of All Time.
For the greatest portraitists
see: Best Portrait Artists.

RUSSIAN ARTISTS
For biographies of other painters
from Russia, Ukraine & Siberia,
see these resources:
Ivan Shishkin (1832-98)
Forest landscape painter.
Konstantin Savitsky (1844-1905)
Critical realist genre painter.
Vasily Polenov (1844-1927)
Landscape & biblical painter.
Vasily Surikov (1848-1916)
Russia's greatest history painter.
Isaac Levitan (1860-1900)
Landscape painter.
Abram Arkhipov (1862-1930)
Genre painter, critical realism.
Alexei von Jawlensky (1864-1941)
Greatest Russian colourist.
Valentin Serov (1865-1911)
Russia's greatest Impressionist.
Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944)
Expressionist artist.

Icon Painting

Born in Russia in 1837, Kramskoy taught himself to draw as a young child. At the age of 15 he became an apprentice to an icon painter with whom he acquired the rudiments of paint and perspective. Russian Icon paintings were commissioned primarily by the Church and were produced for spiritual purposes rather than art for art's sake. Icon painting typically disregards the principles of natural perspective; instead the subject figures are presented flat, with almond shaped eyes, long thin noses and small mouths. It is tempting to think that Icon painters simply did not know how to paint, but in fact it was a conscious style. Following the traditions of Byzantine art, icon-painters used the principles of inverted perspective, where background objects often appear larger than foreground ones and painted important figures larger than lesser figures. Icon painting encouraged the use of simplicity, grace, symmetry and symbolic colours.

WORLD'S BEST ART
For a list of the best examples of
Fine Art Painting, by the
world's top artists, see below:
Greatest Modern Paintings
Oils, watercolours, mixed
media from 1850-present.
Oil Painting
History, styles and development.

St Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts

It was only in 1857, at the age of 20 that Kramskoy finally had the opportunity of obtaining a formal art education, when he was accepted into the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, St Petersburg. The Academy had strong traditional values, and promoted the principles of Neoclassicism by sending the most promising Russian painters to Italy and France to absorb the styles of the Renaissance and Baroque. It also had a sizeable collection of masterworks which were intended for study and copying. Kramskoy, quickly dissatisfied with the restrictions on his artistic development, became a popular leader among the student fraternity, and led a rebellion against the Academic staff. The Academy was dominated by the doctrines of French Neoclassical painter Ingres - so-called Academic art - while the students demanded freedom to explore realism in their painting. Led by Kramskoy, 14 students publically broke with the Academy and started their own group, holding traveling exhibitions. Many of his contemporaries, including the great historical genre-painter Ilya Repin and the Symbolist and Impressionist painter Mikhail Vrubel (1856–1910), still regarded the Academy's training as indispensable, and stayed within it's confines.

First Paintings

Kramskoy's first paintings from the 1860s are not particularly large, and are often monochrome, reflective of the new art of photography which was gradually becoming popular. Paintings from this period include Sophia Kramskaya Reading (1863, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow); Portrait of a Young Woman Dressed in Black Velvet (1863, Art Museum, Kuibyshev, Russia); Portrait of E. Vasilchikova (1867, Perm Art Gallery, Russia); Portrait of V. Voyeykova (1867, Museum-Estate of Polenov, Russia); Self-Portrait (1867, Tretyakov Gallery) and Portrait of the Agronomist Vyunnikov (1868, State Museum of Byelorussia, Minsk). Between 1863 and 1868 Kramskoy taught drawing at the Society for Promoting Artists; his pupils included Nikolai Yaroshenko and Ilya Repin.

Portraits By Ivan Nikolayevich Kramskoy

From about 1869 Kramskoy received regular commissions from the Russian art patron Pavel Tretyakov (who gave his name to the Tretyakov Gallery and Tretyakov Drive in Moscow). In addition to collecting Kramskoy's paintings, studies, etchings and watercolours, Tretyakov also collected the works of V.G Petrov, Ilya Repin, Vasily Surikov, Isaac Levitan, Valentin Serov, and many others. Tretyakov commissioned portraits from Kramskoy of Russian cultural and science personalities, ensuring that their likeness would be captured forever. A selection of Kramskoy's most important portraits include:

- Artist Feodor Vasilyev (1871, Tretyakov Gallery)
- Artist Grigory Myasoyedov (1872, Tretyakov)
- Leo Tolstoy (1873, Tretyakov)
- Author Ivan Goncharov (1874, Tretyakov)
- Poet Yakov Polonsky (1875,Tretyakov)
- Pavel Tretyakov, Founder of the Gallery (1876, Tretyakov)
- Artist Mikhail Dyakonov (1875, Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)
- Artist Ilya Repin (1876, Tretyakov)
- Artist Nikolay Bogoliubov (1876, Radishchev Museum, Saratov)
- Sculptor Mark Antokolsky (1876, Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)
- Pavel Brulloff (1879, Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)
- Adrian Prakhov, Art Critic and Historian (1879, Tretyakov)
- Author Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin (1879, Tretyakov)
- Doctor Sergey Botkin (1880, private collection)
- Artist Ivan Shishkin (1880, Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)
- Actor Vasily Samoilov (1881, Tretyakov Gallery)
- Artist Vasily Perov (1881, Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)
- Empress Maria Feodorovna (1882, Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)
- Artist Vasily Vereshchagin (1883, Tretyakov Gallery)
- Photographer Andrey Denier (1883, Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)
- Art Critic Pavel Kovalevsky (1886, Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)
- Doctor Karl Rauchfus (1887, Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)

Itinerants Society of Travelling Exhibitions

In 1869 Kramskoy made his first trip abroad, travelling to Europe and visiting the fine art collections of the best art museums. On his return, he organized exhibitions for the Itinerants Society of Travelling Exhibitions (peredvizhniki). The aim of the Society was to give the general public a chance to view some of Russia's contemporary paintings; to develop a passion for Russian art in society and to facilitate the sale of those art works. The exhibitions travelled throughout Russia, stopping at towns and cities.

Religious Paintings By Ivan Nikolayevich Kramskoy

In 1872 Kramskoy painted his religious masterpiece Christ in the Wilderness (Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow). It depicts Christ sitting in a state of profound dejection and indecision, hands clasped due to tension not prayer. Leo Tolstoy described it as the best Christ he had ever seen. Another important work was Mocking Christ: "Hail, King of the Jews" (1877-82, Russian Museum, St Petersburg).

Kramskoy was also considered a Humanist, reflected in his sensitive genre and portrait studies of Russia's peasants. Works of this nature include:

- Head of an Old Ukrainian Peasant (1871, Museum of Russian Art, Kiev)
- Bee-Keeper (1872, Tretyakov Gallery)
- Village Elder (1873, Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)
- Insulted Jewish Boy (1874, Russian Museum, St. Petersburg)
- Woodsman (1874, Tretyakov Gallery)
- Head of an Old Peasant (1874, Savitsky Picture Gallery, Penza)
- Girl with Washed Linen on the Yoke (1874, Tretyakov Gallery)
- Russian Girl in a Blue Shawl (1882, private collection)
- Peasant Holding a Bridle (1883, Museum of Russian Art, Kiev)

Kramskoy died in 1887, paint brush in hand as he worked on the portrait of Doctor Rauchfus. He remains one of the greatest talents of Russian Painting in the 19th-Century.

• For more biographies, see: Famous Painters.
• For details of major art periods/movements, see: History of Art.
• For more information about modern art, see: Art Encyclopedia.

• To update this online biography of Ukrainian portrait painter Ivan Nikolayevich Kramskoy, click here.